Professional Athletes Are Faced With Stressors On A...

Junior athletes are faced with stressors on a regular basis and athlete burnout has become more popular amongst the junior athlete population. Common factors to this athlete burnout included different types of motivation, parental stress, and perfectionistic tendencies. The research study presented in Jowett, Hill, Hall, and Curran’s Perfectionism and Junior Athlete Burnout: The Mediating Role of Autonomous and Controlled Motivation focuses on the role of perfectionism in athlete burnout and how both internal and external pressures can hinder an athlete’s desire to compete. According to Jowett et. al., the study relied on â€Å"self-report measures† (57) in order to find the relationship between perfectionism, autonomous and controlled motivation, and burnout in junior athletes (56). At the conclusion of the study, the prediction of a positive correlation between â€Å"perfectionistic concerns† (56) and athlete burnout. It was additionally found that altho ugh autonomous motivation had a positive correlation with burnout, controlled motivation did not affect burnout rates. Athlete burnout is currently a very prevalent and respected topic in sports psychology. Many athletes have a strong passion for the sports they are involved in for a number of years, yet many of them decide to longer pursue their sport due to burnout. It has been a strange phenomenon because there are a variety of factors that can push an athlete to lose the passion that fuels their athletic dreams. This study triesShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesof Management 113 Major Elements of Stress 113 Reactions to Stress 114 Coping with Stress 115 Managing Stress 117 Stressors 117 Eliminating Stressors 120 Eliminating Time Stressors Through Time Management 121 Eliminating Encounter Stressors Through Collaboration and Emotional Intelligence 128 Eliminating Situational Stressors Through Work Redesign 130 Eliminating Anticipatory Stre ssors Through Prioritizing, Goal Setting, and Small Wins 132 Developing Resiliency 134 Physiological Resiliency 136 PsychologicalRead MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pagesforce efficiently/effectively this will be beneficial for all stakeholders (Organization, Employees and Society). D r . M u k h ta r A h m e d Challenges/Issues of Managing Human Resources in present era Following are the main issues that are faced by the mangers to manage the workforce of today’s organization for achievement of objectives. a. To Attract People People will be interested to join any organization if it is providing them quality working environment, attractive benefit and opportunitiesRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages1994 64 Relevant Executive Orders 64 vii WORKPLACE ISSUES: HRM Certification 44 Is a Career in HRM for Me? 45 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Purposely Distorting Information 46 Does HRM Really Matter? 46 HR Trends and Opportunities 47 Outsourcing 47 Professional Employer Organization (PEO) 47 Shared Services 47 HRM in an Entrepreneurial Enterprise 48 HRM in a Global Environment 48 HR and Corporate Ethics Summary 50 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 51 Key Terms 51 52 HRM Workshop 49 Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages610 Case Incident 2 The Rise of Extreme Jobs 610 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior 616 623 Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 About the Authors Stephen P. Robbins Education Ph.D. University of Arizona Professional Experience Academic Positions: Professor, San Diego State University, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, University of Baltimore, Concordia University in Montreal, and University of Nebraska at Omaha. Research: Research interests have

A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner - 1720 Words

Thoughts of Emily Readers can often times find that fiction starts prosaically, but ends unpredictably as shown in the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† written by William Faulkner. This fictional story is an example of Gothic literature about the Antebellum South. It is narrated by an unreliable male character who represents the townspeople. It might seem like Miss Emily is the protagonist, however, the narrator and the townspeople are really the protagonists who stand for the force of the community. The narrator and the townspeople act on Miss Emily and her desire by denying her desire for love. In the portrayal of the Miss Emily’s role, the reader can see the conflict between her fantasy on love and the town’s fantasy on her. Miss Emily’s pursuit of her dreams, illusion, and community’s dysfunctional values lead to her destruction. Faulkner uses imagery to reveal Emily’s aristocratic family background, which is a heavy burden for her. Miss Emily Grierson’s family was once rich before the Civil War. Miss Emily carries her head high enough so that she does not lose the recognition of her dignity as the last Grierson. No matter what happens to her, she holds on to her nobility to protect her identity. The story begins with Miss Emily’s funeral located at her house, which has remained closed for decades. Emily has been not hospitable as well as isolated to the town. The â€Å"big, squarish frame house decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies,† is located in the mostShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 PagesJune 24, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† it is clear how Emily’s gender affects how the individuals in the town perceive her. Emily’s gender particularly affects how men understand her. Throughout the whole piece Emily is seen as a helpless individual who is lonely and has suffered losses throughout her life. When the reader reaches the end of the story the actions that Emily has taken is unexpected because of the way she is perceived by the narrator. In the beginning of the story, when the wholeRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Sarah Markins Dr. Bibby ENG 107 February 11, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner in 1931, follows a series of peculiar events in Miss Emily Griersons life. Written in third person limited, Faulkner utilizes flashbacks to tell of the period between the death of Emily’s father and her own passing. Split into five short sections, the story starts out with the townspeople of Jefferson remembering Emily’s legacy and how each new generation ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1552 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Dunn Mrs. Williams English 11 March 11, 2016 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the reader is given a glimpse of the internal conflict of the main character, living in the past, and the involvement of an over involved society causing the reader to look into the consciousness of an individual haunted by a past and lack of a future. The story is set in a post-Civil War town in the South. He is able to give the reader a glimpse of the practices and attitudes that had unitedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pages1897, William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national m agazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily GriersonRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner883 Words   |  4 PagesIn the timeless classic, â€Å"A rose for Emily† by William Faulkner we are introduced to Emily Grierson, a matured sheltered southern woman; born to a proud, aristocratic family presumably during the American Civil War. Through out the short story William Faulkner uses many literary devices such as symbolism, metaphors and allegory to play with â€Å"time† and how time reflects upon his main character Emily Grierson. Emily being one who denies the ability to see time for what it is linear and unchangeableRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1930, William Faulkner wrote a five-part story entitled â€Å"A Rose for Emily† that follows the life of a young woman named Miss Emily Grierson. Faulkner sets his story in the Old South, soon after the ending of America’s Civil War, and represents the decaying values of the Confederacy (Kirszner Mandell, 2013a, p. 244). One of these values which the text portrays quite often in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is the patriarchal custom of society viewing men as having more importance than their female counterpartsRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1277 Words   |  6 PagesMiss Emily Grierson, the main character in the strange short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. It would be best to examine her in a mental capacity as well as the circumstances that may affect her. Throughout the story, Miss Emily’s unpredictable and eccentric behavior becomes unusual, and the reader, like the townspeople in the story, is left to speculate how Miss Emily has spent years living and sleeping with the body of Homer Barron. An important quote from the story was that

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health

Question: Explain about the Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health? Answer: In modern times, migration is considered to be one of the most important issues regarding social and political prospect. People migrate from one country to another for several reasons. These reasons include political misbalance, economical disaster and other social and cultural issues (Ronda et al 2013). According to the United Nations, migration is defined as the movement of people across a specific border or boundary. This border or boundary can be both national and international. In case of migration, people move to establish a new permanent residence. According to the United Nations, migration can be categorized into different segments. These segments are, internal migration, international migration, chain migration, relay migration, impelled migration, step migration. The primary aim of this essay is to highlight the causes behind the events of migration on a global social and political aspect and the consequences of such events with respect to a countrys social economical struc ture. With respect to the migration events of The United Kingdom, there are several such examples. First example, which can be highlighted, is the event where Jews and Pilgrim fathers migrated to England. This event can be pointed out as forced migration. Another current migration event regarding the United Kingdom is the migration of the UK doctors towards The United States for the better pay scale. These sort migration event can be categorized as the voluntary migration. Migration events such as mentioned earlier provides an strong impact on both the host and the origin country. The primary focus of this essay is to establish the factors and consequences of these impacts with suitable examples. There are several factors which influence the event of migration. These factors include, Unemployment, lack of safety, lack of services, poverty, crop failure, drought, war or civil unrest, hazards and isolation (Duchne, Moyer and Roberts 2013). The effect of migration in a particular count ry can be also of different types. These effects are categorized as economical impacts such as positive and negative, social effects such as positive, negative, and political impacts. The essay emphasizes on the migration event due to cause of health and health services. Due to the poor health condition and health services, many people around the world migrate to the United Kingdom. It is seen, that mainly people from African region migrate towards United Kingdom, as health condition in the African region is not so developed. A example which can provided is that, during the period of Ebola virus outbreak many people migrated from African countries to European countries such as The United Kingdom (Dahinden 2012). Recently there has been an outbreak of Zika virus in the Latin American region. There is also a phenomenon of migrating people from Latin American countries to European countries such as the United Kingdom. The later part of the essay emphasizes on the effects of these sorts of migration and their impact on the social, cultural and economical impacts on the particular country, which is in this scenario is the United Kingdom. Background Migration is considered as a movement of people from one destination to another for taking up a permanent or semi-permanent residence. This is usually associated to the movement across the international border of a country. Taking an example of Migration, it can be clearly analyzed that the semi-permanent residents might seek for seasonal movements. It is often observed that migration takes place on a voluntary note (based on the individuals own will) and involuntary note (forcefully shifted due to certain political or environmental issues). Migration occurred throughout the human history (Wilkinson et al. 2013). It initiated from the movement of the first human groups, which originated from the Eastern regions of Africa to all other regions of the contemporary world. Migration tends to occur at a variety of scales. This ranges from intercontinental (i.e. between one continent to another, e.g. from Africa to Asia), intra-continental (between one country to another belonging from the same continent, e.g. France to Germany) and interregional (within the countries, i.e. Eastern England to Western England. One of the most significant pattern associated to the factor of migration highlights towards the movement from the rural regions of a country to the urban sectors. This is mainly due to economic and health opportunities, which attract thousands of migrants every year to settle from rural to the urban segments of a country. On a large scale, it can be assumed that there are nine type of migration. One of the most common types is the Internal Migration, which focuses towards the movement to a new residence within a state, country or continent. This is the most observed migration occurring quite frequently in the world. On the other hand, External Migration highlights towards the movement to a new resident in a different state, county or continent. The occurrence rate of External Migration is much lower than the Internal Migration. The third type is the Immigration, which focuses towards the movement to a new country (e.g. the pilgrim movement, which migrated to the United Stated of America). The fourth type includes Population Transfer, where the government of a certain country forces large group of people out of a region, usually based on religion or ethnicity. This is also known as involuntary or forced migration. Example of this type includes the migration of Hindus from Pakistan and the Muslims from India during the partition of Indo-Pak in 1947. The sixth type of migration highlights towards the Impelled Migration, which is also known as reluctant and imposed type. In this type, the individuals are directly not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations, such as political issues, warfare or religious prosecutions. For example, the migration of the Jews from Germany to England during 1940s is an effective example associated to the context. The Step Migration is considered as a series of less extreme and concise manner from the individuals origin place to the final destination. This usually associated in moving from a farm to a village, town or a city. The Chain Migration focuses towards a series of migration, which occurs with a well-defined family or a group of people. The chain of migration tend to begin with a single family member who sends money to bring other family members to a new location. The chain migration generally results in migration fields. The clustering of people forms a specific region into certain neighborhoods or small towns are usually found to be associated to this context. On the other hand, the return migration highlights towards the voluntary movements, which are associated to the immigrants who tend to return their own origin. This is also known as the circular migration. Finally, the Season Migration takes place in most of the region of the world. In this type, the movement of a period in response to labor or the climatic variation (i.e. aiming the farm workers following crop harvests or working in the cities during off seasons) is commonly observed in this context. Positive economic impacts are the phenomenon where the migrants come into the country take up the jobs, which the native would not take. As a result, the countrys work force increases. Another aspect of this event is that the country gains a large amount of skilled work force. If there is a labor shortage in the country then this gap will be easily met. The negative impact is that with the large amount of people coming into a country or region, the money, which these migrant earn, are sent back to their native country (Schwartz et al. 2015). Adding to these, the migrant children are needed to be educated using the countrys infrastructure and framework. There is also a vast social impacts caused by these sort of migration events. Population density of the origin country decreases which results in the reduction of the workforce and human resource of the origin country. Remittances, which are sent back home to the origin country increases their economic condition. Another aspect of such migration on the positive social impact is that returning migrants often increase the social expectations of the communities. There are also some negative social impacts regarding migration. Marriage rates fall in the country, which are effected through the events such as migrations. Men who migrate left their wives alone, as result producing a generation of single mothers. People migrating sometimes also increase the dependency ration of country. Another negative aspect of such migration is that when the migrants return after retirement, social costs as the community support mechanism do not cover them. Another aspect, which should be also evaluated, is that migration also sometime causes loss of cultural traditions and leadership. As a result, this negative impact can effect drastically in a particular community. Another major impact caused by the event of migration is the political impacts. In recent times, there are several political factors, which influence migration of a cert ain people or community. These political factors include discrimination among different ethnic groups and minorities. Caste problem is also a fact, which ignites the event of migration. These events lead to civil unrest resulting in migration of people who suffer or try to ignore such atrocities. Another aspect of such migration due to political reason is entrenchment of different attitudes, which may encourage fundamentalism. This aspect rise to migration; another aspect is when a particular region is under war, the people of that particular region become war refugees and migrate to another places. To overcome the effects of such migration events it is important to broadly discuss about the reasons and factors, which are responsible for migration event. According to W. Peterson, migration occurs for mainly five reasons. These reasons are Primitive, Forced, Impelled, Free and Mass. Primitive reason is considered as the previously occurred migration at the primitive time for cultivat ion and other sources. These factors are considered as the physical factors, which are sufficient rainfall, soil fertility, etc. For example, in case of Mongolia, most of the countrys population belonged to the community, which conducted migration for finding good environment for their sheep, cattle, yaks and goats. Due to unsteady rainfall, they migrated frequently. The second reason highlighted is Forced migration. In this case people are force or have no other choice other than to migrate to another region. Sometimes a particular community or people belonging to a particular caste or religion are forced to migrate to another country. There could be a political reason, natural disaster or environmental disaster behind such events. For example, During the period from 1900 to 1950, around 500,000 Indonesians were moved from over populated islands to the less populated islands. The Government also offered them proper equipment and land to sufficiently begin their livelihood. Later on , there were some conflicts with the native local of those regions making the situation more complex and violent. Impelled migration is another type of migration where they are migrated under a perceived threat. Other groups of human, government, physical factors, etc can give this threat. In this scenario, the people who are given threats have more freedom choices with comparison to other causes of migration such as forced migration. For example, In case of Libya in the year of 2011, A civil uprising began which resulted in a civil war. During this time, many people tried to migrate in order to avoid violence and secure their lives and the loved ones. The forth reason behind the event of migration is Free; in this case, the migrants migrate for their own will and freedom. There might be many reasons or factor behind this such as economic reason or family. For example, in recent times, doctors residing in the United Kingdom have started to migrate towards the United States of Americ a. The reason behind such migration is better pay roll, a bright future prospect, and career options. The fifth ad last reason behind migration is pointed out as Mass. In this case, a large amount of people migrates for their will. For example, at the time of formation of the state named Israel, many Jewish all over the world, mainly the survivors of the holocaust (Survivors of the atrocities on Jewish in different camps situated in Germany, Austria and Italy) were among them. At this time over a certain period time of three years, the population of Israel was double due to these migrants. It has been observed that immigration often tend to be associated to political affairs of the United Kingdom. According to the 2014 Immigration Act formulated in the United Kingdom, it was clearly mentioned that the country would reduce the net immigrations. This included the factors of reviving the right of non European Economic Area migrants in order to access free health care services within the premises of the country. The change in the risk factors often tended to widen the existing health and social inequalities, which are effecting the political scenario to a huge scale (Gagnon 2013). The experience of the undocumented migrants, who tend to access the primary health care within the premises of the United Kingdom, focuses their perspective on the proposed access restrictions. Based on various studies associated to the inductive thematic analysis, it can be clearly stated that there were several effective challenges, which were faced by the respondents. It was highlighted that m ost of the migrants were completely deprived from accessing the primary health care facilities, which are efficiently available for the European members. These migrants preferred to wait for a longer duration of period, but the often led to severe circumstances. Most of the migrants focused in accessing the Accident and Emergency Services (A E service, the United Kingdom). The limiting access associated to the primary health care included threats to the personal and public health consequences. This in turn added additional burden on the National Health Service, which was efficiently monitored by the policymakers. Moreover, most of the researchers during this session highlighted towards the depletion of the countrys legislations, which targeted the vulnerable group. This entire movement associated to the health care premises for the migrants of the United Kingdom was completely a social gain and thereby was not much of the economic benefit associated to the context. There are various theories associated to migration along with economic growth of a country. The macroeconomic theories are found to be associated to the per capita incomes, which is mainly triggered by the factors of migration. According to the concept of Heckscher-Ohlin Model related to trade and migration for health care perspectives, it can be clearly analyzed that the movement of the productive factors tends to raise the world income and thereby attains income gains (Ford and Holumyong 2015). This is generally shared between both the host and the source countries Moreover it holds mutual gains from migration, which is found to be similar to the conventional terms of trade. It has been clearly observed that the migrants of England suffer a lot for their accessibility of primary health care services. On the other hand, some of the other countries are found to be quite effective towards the response of the migrants for the health care perspectives. Observing closely it can be analyzed that the migrants targeting the premises of the United States of America are considered to be in a much healthy condition. They are provided with ample primary health care facilities, which are monitored by the Health and Welfare Department of the United States of America (Castaeda 2012). On the other hand, countries such as South Africa, China and India have very limited facilities for the migrants to provide primary healthcare facilities. Thus, there is a very vivid perspective observed regarding the concern for the migrants, which depends from the health care facilities from country to country. The epidemiological analysis associated to illness along with the occurrence of diseases in the migrants is found to be maintained in two distinct ways. The first protocol includes highlighting the health issue of the concern in terms of status at the time of migration. On the other hand, the secondary factor highlights towards studying the evolution associated to health characteristics over time. The quarantine, which is found to be associated to the historical basis of migration, and health practices generally tend to ensure the interest rate in terms of health migration towards the communicable diseases. The migrant medial screenings are found to focus on various conditions, which differentially is prevalent between the host population and the migrant. Diseases, which were observed for the migrants within the premises of the United Kingdom, include tuberculosis, syphilis and leprosy (Crisp 2010). The factor resulting to Medical Screening often tends to quantify and thereby documen t the aspects of health and disease in the migrant cohorts. This is found to be related to the national public health statistics of the United Kingdom. Based on the recent factors, it can be clearly analyzed that there is an effective growth of the international importance associated to migration regarding health issues in the premises of the United Kingdom (Burgoon 2014). Adding more to this, the communicable diseases are more effectively focuses on the pre existing non-infectious diseases. For example, the attack of Ebola in the eastern regions of Africa resulted in a huge migration of the patients in England (Bradby et al. 2015). Apart from the diseases, the other health domains which are found to be equally important includes morality, behavior and the influence of generic and ethnic profiles in the migrant population of the United Kingdom. Recent studies shows the example that most number of malignancy patients along with renal failure, severe cardiac disorders, mental and psyc hological health disorders and the maternal or child health are consulted efficiently in the UK. This tends to attract more number of migrants from all across the world in the country. The lifestyle associated health issues includes the factors of tobacco consumption, along with alcohol and drug abuse factors which are examined efficiently and resulting in higher migration rate from the developing countries, especially from Asia and Southern parts of Africa. As stated previously, the outbreak of Ebola in the eastern regions of Africa resulted in a million of casualties all across the world. However, the spread of the disorder from Eastern region of Africa to other parts of country such as Asia and Europe was observed to occur mainly due to high rate of migration in the Asian and the European countries. Countries, which were drastically, affected due to this factor included England, Germany, France, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Most of the affected people were shifted to these countries for medical or residential purposes. As a result, the virus was efficiently spread to all across the country resulting in severe contamination (Almeida et al. 2014). Thus, migration had an drastic effect on the factor of contamination, which resulted in drastic consequence. The impact of immigration have a considerable impact on the host country The host country quite often is found to be associated to both advantages and challenges resulting due to immigration. Larger migrations often tend to create huge population surges. This higher population number focuses towards the strain on infrastructure and service of the host country (Abebe, Lien and Hjelde 2014). Whenever an immigrant move to a new country, it can be clearly analyzed that the individual has been associated to various constraints, which includes employment, housing, adjustment to innovative and effective laws, cultural norms and adaption of new language. Immigration results in increase in labor force. Immigration tends to provide effective advantage to countrys economy and society as a whole. However, most of the authors tend to believe that the high factors of immigration numbers tend to threat the national identity and thereby increase the dependence on the welfare. The national security i s threatened largely. Often it is observed that medical immigrants tend to have a motif of terrorism and other illegal activities. Other arguments suggests that immigration rates cheapens the labor cost to a great extent. According to the data of Brooking Institute, it can be analyzed that there is a depression of on the wages of the price of the United Kingdom by 2.3% (during 1980 2007). Evaluation and Discussion Migration has an effective global perspective. It has been often observed that migrants from various third world countries tend to settle in the United Kingdom for accessing the primary health care facilities. Often this tends to monitor the global impact of the country to a huge scale. The demand for effective medical facilities tends to attract these migrants to a huge scale. However, it is often registered that there is often evidence for the entrance of non-documented members within the premises of the United Kingdom. This affects the national security to a huge extent. This is considered as one of the most challenging situation, which had a negative impact in the Western Europe. Moreover, it is observed that there is a increase in the internationalization of health risks within the country. This moreover had an impact on the political, scientific, cultural, technological, social and other related factors. The major factor which is associated to the liberalization of the internat ional trade is found o be associated to World Trade Organization. It is often seen that examples of reducing tobacco, alcohol along wit the effect of non-communicable diseases in the premises of the United Kingdom tends to effect the social impact of the country to a huge scale. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be clearly concluded that there are various global effects on the factors of migration, and countries such as the United Kingdom are highly affected. One of the serious factor includes the wide spread of communicable diseases such as Ebola and Tuberculosis. Moreover, it has been observed that there are often unregistered migrants, which affects the political security of the country to a huge scale. Moreover, as per the perspective of national economy, it is often observed that there is a minimum impact on the countrys financial benefit. The current models which re associated to the relations, movement of goods and people are found to have an impact on the health risks. These developments increase the health risk directly or indirectly. Hence, it can be stated that an effective international cooperation should be entitled, which places national self-interest in context of global mutual interest and thereby promotes international goodwill and cooperati on. References Abebe, D.S., Lien, L. and Hjelde, K.H., 2014. What we know and dont know about mental health problems among immigrants in Norway.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,16(1), pp.60-67. Almeida, L.M., Casanova, C., Caldas, J., Ayres-de-Campos, D. and Dias, S., 2014. Migrant Womens Perceptions of Healthcare During Pregnancy and Early Motherhood: Addressing the Social Determinants of Health.Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health,16(4), pp.719-723. Arango, J., 2013. Exceptional in Europe? Spains experience with immigration and integration.Migration Policy Institute. Bradby, H., Humphris, R., Newall, D. and Phillimore, J., 2015. Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for refugees and asylum seekers in the European Region. Burgoon, B., 2014. Immigration, Integration, and Support for Redistribution in Europe.World Politics,66(03), pp.365-405. Castaeda, H., 2012. Over-Foreignization or Unused Potential? A critical review of migrant health in Germany and responses toward unauthorized migration.Social Science Medicine,74(6), pp.830-838. Crisp, N (2010) Unfair trade (1) exporting health workers Turning the world upside down, the search for global health in the 21st century, Boca Raton, CRC press, pp. 64-81 Dahinden, J., 2012.Transnational Belonging, Non-ethnic Forms of Identification and Diverse Mobilities: Rethinking Migrant Integration?(pp. 117-128). Springer Vienna. De Freitas, C., Garca-Ramirez, M., Aamb, A. and Buttigieg, S.C., 2014. Transforming health policies through migrant user involvement: Lessons learnt from three European countries.Psychosocial Intervention,23(2), pp.105-113. De Vito, E., de Waure, C., Specchia, M.L. and Ricciardi, W., 2015. Public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for undocumented migrants in the European Region. Duchne, A., Moyer, M. and Roberts, C. eds., 2013.Language, migration and social inequalities: A critical sociolinguistic perspective on institutions and work(Vol. 2). Multilingual Matters. Ford, K. and Holumyong, C., 2015. HIV Testing and Cross Border Migrant Vulnerability: Social Integration and Legal/Economic Status Among Cross Border Migrant Workers in Thailand.AIDS and Behavior, pp.1-9. Ford, K., Chamratrithirong, A., Apipornchaisakul, K., Panichapak, P. and Pinyosinwat, T., 2014. Social integration, AIDS knowledge and factors related to HIV prevention among migrant workers in Thailand.AIDS and Behavior,18(2), pp.390-397. 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Modern History Battle of the Nations

Question: Discuss about theModern Historyfor Battle of the Nations. Answer: Research Question Following the fall of Napoleon from the catastrophic retreat from Russia to the Battle of the Nations, he chose to surrender to the allies. Prussia, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria came together in 1814 to discuss what should happen to France (Snyder, 2002). The general mood was that this nation must remain intact so as to maintain the balance of power in Europe. My interest in this particular topic is to elaborate on the Concert of Europe as well as the causes of World War I. I am also interested in finding out the various contributions of the balance of power in World War I. Therefore, my research question that I will try to answer as I carry out my research will be, What was the contribution of balance of power in World War I? Hypothesis In this research study, a possible hypothesis to the relevance of the cause of the First World War might be changes in the balance of power during Napoleons reign eventually resulted in World War I since it was difficult for one country to dominate Europe. Research Design I will test or falsify my hypothesis by looking at the Independent Variables that have relevance for the Dependent Variables. For this particular topic, the Independent Variables include judgment of leaders, economic authority, offensive capabilities and decline of empires. These are relevant to my chosen hypothesis which represents the Dependent Variables. I intend to carry out my research by using the Internet, and information from peer reviewed and academic journal articles. I will also use information found at the University Learning Resource Centre library. Research Findings Variable #1: Judgment of Leaders The Concert of Europe was the equilibrium of power that was present in Europe starting with the fall of Napoleon Bonaparte up to the emergence of the First World War (Steiner, 2005). The founding leaders included Austria, the United Kingdom, Prussia, and Russia. These were also affiliates of the 6th Coalition accountable for the decline of Napoleon I. During this time, France managed to establish itself as a fifth member of this particular alliance. Among the leading members of the system were British international Secretary Lord Castlereagh, the Tsar of Russia Alexander I, and Austrian Chancellor Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Manila, 2007). Also referred to as the Congress System, the Concert of Europe was an outcome of a tradition taken on by the ancient great authorities of Europe of meeting often in an International Conference to strategize a solution by joint agreement. This took place whenever an issue arose that was seen as a threat to peace between European countries. Surprisingly, the Concert did not have real liability and stood for European interests, not those of the non-European or colonized states. Notably, war was not absurd for the Concert of Europe, as long as it occurred outside Europe. The leaders in charge within the Congress System aimed at containing France after years of war. They also wanted to attain a balance of power between Europes great authorities while upholding the defensive preparations made at the Congress of Vienna between 1814 and 1815 (Darwin, 2009). The Concert of Europes leaders wanted to prevent the rise of another Napoleon personality which would lead to an additional continent-wide war. Initially, the idea of the Concert was suggested by the Austrian Chancellor, Kaunitz. At the time, the fear of revolution was quite high to the extent of European powers not resting contended until they had come up with some means to safeguard the intransience of Vienna Settlement. The meetings that were to be held, focused on the dialogue of measures that would be judged to be most helpful for the success and repose of the countries, together with the preservation of peace of Europe (Snyder, 2002). Under the leadership and guidance of the Austrian Chancellor, the Quadruple Alliance as it came to be recognized eventually established a dictatorship of the Powers. However, after holding at least four meetings, the Concert broke up in 1823. During the first meeting of the Concert at Aix-la-Chapelle, the Austrian Chancellor remarked that it symbolized the pinnacle of the structure by which the united Powers would set up a joint control over the dealings of all global states. Notably, Napoleon had also previously forwarded his own plan for the welfare of Europe (Legro Moravcsik, 2000). There was a difference of opinion between England and Austria, and Russia regarding the foundation on which France was to be let into the club. While Russia proposed that it be admitted by adhering to the principles of the Holy Alliance, England and Austria felt that France should be admitted through a treaty alliance with the 4 Powers and that was done (Thomas, 2008). In order to please Czar Alexande r, a powerful declaration was issued with regards to the objectives and purpose of the honorable pentarchy. The rights of the people were to be strictly observed, the arts of peace were to be safeguarded, the wealth of the state increased, and the sentiments of religion and morality awakened. This was to be done as an example of concord and justice. In the course of the meetings, the King of Sweden was called upon by the Congress to provide explanations as to why he had overlooked the agreement rights concerning Denmark and Norway (Steiner, 2005). The leader of Monaco was also ordered to advance the executive system of his nation. The Congress addressed the issue of the unclear succession to the Duchy of Baden, and discussed the status of the Jewish citizens in Russia and Austria. Soon enough, certain differences arose among the leaders, differences which increased with the course of time. These were due to the differing interests and joint jealousy of the leaders concerned. With regards to the issue of Barbary pirate in the Mediterranean Sea, the Czar cited that there should be a foreign navy fleet to monitor the waters while stamping out pirates especially in that region. Castlereagh greatly opposed this because he suspected presence of Russian war ships in the Mediterranean Sea (Manila, 2007). Additionally, Fredrick William o f Prussia proposed that an allied army commanded by Wellington of Britain be permanently positioned at Belgium in order to suppress any revolutions anywhere in Europe. Castlereagh refused for fear that Britain might be dragged into any war which other powers thought necessary. The congress of Aix-la-Chapelle was followed by a period of unrest progression in Europe. Not only was there a revolution in Sicily and Naples against Ferdinand I, king of Naples, but also disturbances in Germany. By 1827, the Congress System which had been established by the great Powers to solve European issues that came as a result of Napoleonic wars and the French Revolution failed to attain its goals. Variable #2: Economic Authority The British Foreign Minister, Castlereagh, declined to consent to any offer either to bring colonies back under Spain or even intercede between them and Spain unless British wellbeing in those settlements were protected beforehand (Darwin, 2009). As a way of suppressing slave trade, Great Britain recommended that European states work out a joint right of search for slaves. This was however not acknowledged on the basis of the jealousy of the naval power of Great Britain. Furthermore, no nation was ready to tolerate such intrusion with the trade. It was finally decided that no action could be in use against slavery. It is maintained that a global guarantee of the status quo would have led to the organized suppression of constitutionalism, tolerance and nationalism in Europe. The declaration would have also acted as a campaign against the progressive forces of Europe, thus proving lethal to her dominance in the world (Snyder, 2002). Moreover, there would have been no alliance of German y and Italy. It would also have been quite difficult to divide Holland and Belgium in spite of the complaints of the latter. The main query was whether or not the Powers had any right to interfere in the inside affairs of a State simply on the basis of the status quo being upset in a certain nation. The British position was that she was not ready to embrace the universal code of international authority. However, she was ready to consider partly the involvement whenever an emergency came up in any nation. This nation refused the notion that the joint force of the Allies was to be prostituted in support of the reputable order without any thought of the extent to which it was abused (Legro Moravcsik, 2000). According to Castlereagh, the Alliance was never aimed at the union of worldwide governments or suppression of revolutionary campaigns in every corner of Europe regardless of their values. The over-extension of rival empires such as the Moguls, East Asian empires, or Ottomans, resulted in decentralization which spurred competition and innovation. Following numerous revolutions in 1848, the government sought more centrality and anchoring of everything around the Vienna capital. In 1867, the Austro-Hungarian compromise established the two as a dual monarchy. However, this system together with its many constituent nationalities collapsed with World War I (Thomas, 2008). As much as possible, the Congress of Vienna returned control to the conventional ruling houses of Europe such as the Habsburgs, and the Bourbons. In order to prevent any single nation from attempting to control all of Europe as France had done under Napoleon Bonaparte, the Congress insisted on a balance of power. Nations such as Prussia, Austria, and Russia would have considerable strength. 1870 to 1914 witnessed a Europe that was significantly more firm than that of previous years. This was as a result of the establishment of novel states in Italy and Germany, combined with opinionated reformations in older, developed states such as Austria and Britain (Steiner, 2005). Coupled with scientific progressions of the Industrial Revolution, this internal stability meant that European states were ever more capable and eager to chase political powers internationally. When the worth of these novel technologies became evident, the states of Europe started taking control of large swathes of la nd in Asia and Africa, introducing a novel era of imperialism. The notion of a German state had survived since the establishment of the Kingdom of Germany in the early middle Ages. The commencement of popular nationalism in Germany has its roots in Napoleons invasion of the German land in 1806 (Manila, 2007). Napoleons political machinations encouraged nationalist feelings. Furthermore, most German leaders understood that there was potency in collaborating together. Such an acceptance was to result to inter-state cooperation across the area, the most noteworthy illustration being the Zollverein. This referred to customs union that constituted most of northern Germany by the early 1830s (Darwin, 2009). Both economic and nationalistic factors were taken advantage of by the conventional King of Prussia, William I and his head minister, Otto von Bismarck. These two individuals understood the worth of a unified German state, particularly one that did not include Austrian influence. Tsar Alexander II came to supremacy by using the overpowering in the Crimean War as the key momentum to reform. According to him, Russia needed to adhere to the European representation so as to grow to be more influential. Alexander II would eventually end the covert police started by Nicholas I and establish public trials that had expert judges with state salaries and juries (Snyder, 2002). Local provincial councils known as Zemstvos were also established and elected by the people. They addressed local government issues such as educational institutions and roads. Despite such moves by Alexander II, unrest still continued in Russia. In 1860, Russians established the city of Vladivostok on the Pacific Ocean and started constructing the Trans-Siberian railroad that would link the East to the West. With regards to Japan, it modeled European militarism and industrialization during this period to increase its concentration on China and gain dominance over Korea. It is this expansion that helped cause World War I, marking the first major triumph of a non-Western authority over a Western one (Legro Moravcsik, 2000). Variable #3: Offensive Capabilities The Concert of Europes main achievement was the safeguarding of sovereignty for Greece and Belgium by 1831. In 1840, the authorities except France arbitrated in defense of the Ottoman Empire to end Egypts 8-year occupation of Syria (Thomas, 2008). The pattern of cooperative behavior witnessed in the Concert of Europe during early 19th Century is as a result of a commitment to uphold the settlement, which hinged on the integrity of enforcement threats and an allotment of advantages corresponding with military capabilities. The balance was self-enforcing in that powers that could oppose an alteration of the system had incentives to do so, while those that could upset it did not have incentives to do so (Steiner, 2005). Notably, offensive realists would see any Concert as being at best short-lived. However, constructivists and neorealists would cite that potential balancing of power, multilateral organizations and normative values would award more flexibility within the Concert so as to accommodate transforming conditions and power uniformities. Defensive practicality offers a better record of the Concert of Europe because it merges structural pragmatism with non-realist theories of state inclinations (Manila, 2007). A school of thought recognized as offensive practicality argues that foreign chaos tends to drive states to enlarge whenever a chance presents itself. This is to say that there is no status quo authorities in the foreign structure, save for the rare hegemon that desires to preserve its controlling status over likely rivals. So far, it has been established that the Concert of Europes associates were actually good defensive realists. However, they reacted to structural limitations as they did mainly because their local administrations and leaders were moderate and cautious. Notably, most powers are too weak to make a run for regional hegemony, but still act impolitely to gather as much control as they can since states are more or less always better off with more rather than less authority (Darwin, 2009). Making latent and definite military authority criteria for being a great power usually means not including some states that impose moderation. A number of researchers consider Prussia an immense power throughout the 19th Century, but is only recognized when Otto van Bismarck takes control. Moreover, postwar West Germany is also left out because it did not have the military power to contend with the superpowers. However, this was simply because Western occupation prohibited it from doing so. Concerts are considered to be providers of an insurance policy or the guarantors of last resort, capable of defending minimum standards of the order in foreign society of states. They also design specific agreements to maximize the welfare of their members together with the larger system on whose behalf they operate. Concerts have the luxury of searching for lost opportunities to establish an optimum world (Snyder, 2002). With reference to the Concert of Europe, given that the defeated ex-hegemons are at their point of maximum relative weakness immediately after the war, but benefit relatively afterward, their offensive capabilities, unifying fear and concert cooperation eventually increased over time. Whether or not collective security can work in the novel Europe is a critical issue which underlies much contemporary discussion over how to react to the waning of the Cold War. It is argued that many of the causes of war that produced conflict in the course of the first half of the 20 th Century have either been terminated or substantially moderated. Despite this, it is clear that those involved in the Concert of Europe had specific strategies as to how to conquer their targeted territories. Variable #4: Decline of Empires The demise of the Concert of Europe was a rather slow process where demands for revision of Viennas frontiers along national lines deteriorated it. Italians and Germans wanted to combine their small states, while parts of the Austrian Empire wanted autonomy. The Concert was further weakened by consecutive wars between participants which it was meant to bar the Crimean War of 1854 1856, the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the Italian War of Independence of 1859, and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 1871 (Legro Moravcsik, 2000). The British Foreign Minister Lord Edward Grey made all efforts to convene the Concert of Europe to prevent the First World War but was unsuccessful. Some historians have described the Concert as being the opposite of a foreign organization that is demanding to work within the boundaries of international law since it did not have a secretariat or rules of behavior. It was through this particular letdown that made Lord Grey and others more strong-minded to set up a body which could call a meeting of key powers at little notice to try and stop war. This is what developed into the League of Nations. The fact that the Concert of Europe lacked an official mechanism meant that the novel body would include one, and affiliate states would entrust themselves to its agreement which included acceptance of rules not to resort to war (Thomas, 2008). The enormous Powers were combating each other for state interests and had refused to negotiate to maintain peace, one of Metternichs main objectives for Europe. The grounds of the Crimean War were also different from the standards of the Concert of Europe because Russia wanted to take lead of the fast deteriorating Ottoman Empire (Steiner, 2005). Initially, Metternich aimed at preventing any country from gaining absolute control of this particular Empire, thus obliterating the balance of power. It is assume that World War I was quite significant in that it heralded the conclusion of empires and the introduction of novel nation-states. Yet, in August 1914, none had the least notion that the War would be long or even significant (Manila, 2007). Notably, it was not before 3 long years of war of erosion that empires, starting with the Russian one, would eventually start to fall apart. To suggest that Europe was in a sate of shock following Napoleons defeat of Prussia and Austria in 1806 would be an understatement. At the time, it appeared that the normal order of things had been shifted on its head. Soon after the collapse of Napoleons empire in 1814, the great Power settled down to the job of redefining the political system, giving birth to the Concert of Europe. World War I witnessed the majestic empires of Britain and France mobilized to assist imperial war and European efforts. The War also set free an unparalleled ideological challenge to colonial rule which was embodied in the notions of Woodrow Wilson taking the form through the mandatory system (Darwin, 2009). Even though Britain came out triumphant from World War I, its empire was far from safe. It had been required to pull back from the majority of its martial pledges around the peripheries of the former Tsarist Empire, withdraw from Turkey, and agree to a novel legitimate settlement in Egypt which reduced its political power. Nonetheless, colonial empires had attained a tipping peak in the early 1920s. Conquering and triumph of the total wars of the 20th Century were of great importance. Combat zone crush for the Ottomans, Russians, and Germans together with resultant revolutions and interior political disintegration guaranteed that their pre-war imperial lands would undergo a form of decolonization in the conflicts aftermath (Snyder, 2002). What has the research revealed about the variables chosen as a method to test the hypothesis? With regards to the variables chosen as a method to test the hypothesis, this research has revealed that the great Powers acted so as to contain the violence and prevent the emergence of a general conflict (Legro Moravcsik, 2000). Additionally, the Crimean War was fashioned to destroy Russia sea power. Are the variables relevant? Yes, the variables are relevant. How so and what is their importance in proving the hypothesis? The variables are relevant in that they provide literal facts concerning the subject matter and prove the hypothesis that changes in the balance of power during Napoleons reign eventually led to World War I since it was difficult for one country to dominate the whole of Europe. Conclusion With the end of the First World War, many argued that NATO and other Cold War security organizations were becoming less significant to the Wests security. This prompted various analysts to look back to the early 19th Century Concert of Europe as a representation for addressing security issues. Furthermore, foreign relations theorists have also used this Concert to establish theories about security organizations for many years. The Concert of Europe was a key diplomatic evolution which institutionalized the practice of meeting together for crisis management. Theoretically, a greater flow of information means more transparency. With this in mind, I believe that the variables discussed above have proved my hypothesis. It was difficult for one nation to have complete control over Europe and differences emerging from such disagreements resulted to World War I. References Darwin, J. (2009). The empire project: The rise and fall of the British world-system, 1830 1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Legro, J.W., Moravcsik, A. (2000). Correspondence: Brother can you spare a paradigm? (Or, was anybody ever a realist?). International Security, 25. Pp. 188 191. Manila, E. (2007). The Wilsonian moment: Self-determination and the international origins of anticolonial nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Snyder, G.H. (2002). Mearsheimers world: Offensive realism and the struggle for security. International Security, 27. Pp. 161. Steiner, Z. (2005). The lights that failed: European international history, 1919 1933. New York: Oxford University Press. Thomas, M. (2008). Empires of intelligence: Security services and colonial disorder after 1914. Berkeley: University of California Press.